Once Upon a Time: A Short History of Fairy Tale Read online

  Sendak, Maurice, Caldecott & Co: Notes on Books and Pictures (London: Reinhardt Books, 1988).

  Sumpter, Caroline, The Victorian Press and the Fairy Tale (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

  Uglow, Jenny, Words and Pictures: Writers, Artists and a Peculiarly British Tradition (London: Faber, 2012).

  CHAPTER 6. ON THE COUCH: HOUSE-TRAINING THE ID

  Bettelheim, Bruno, The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (London: Thames & Hudson, 1976).

  Bly, Robert, Iron John: A Book about Men (Shaftesbury: Element Books, 1991).

  Frank, Arthur W., Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-Narratology (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010).

  Freud, Sigmund, ‘The “Uncanny” ’, in Sigmund Freud, Art and Literature, Vol. 14 of The Penguin Freud Library, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Penguin, 1990).

  Hoffmann, E. T. A., The Best Tales of Hoffmann, ed. E. F. Bleiler (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1967).

  Mavor, Carol, Reading Boyishly: Roland Barthes, J. M. Barrie, Jacques-Henri Lartigue, Marcel Proust, and D. W. Winnicott (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008).

  Sexton, Anne, Transformations (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1971).

  Stephenson, Craig E., Possession: Jung's Comparative Anatomy of the Psyche (London: Routledge, 2009).

  CHAPTER 7. IN THE DOCK: DON’T BET ON THE PRINCE

  Adam, Helen, A Helen Adam Reader, ed. Kristin Prevallet (Orono, Me.: The National Poetry Foundation, 2007).

  Bernheimer, Kate, ed., Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Women Writers Explore Their Favorite Fairy Tales (New York: Anchor Books, 1998).

  Bottigheimer, Ruth B., Grimms’ Bad Girls and Bold Boys: The Moral and Social Vision of the Tales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987).

  Carter, Angela, The Sadeian Woman: An Exercise in Cultural History (London: Virago, 1979).

  Chase, Richard, The Jack Tales (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1943).

  Figes, Eva, Tales of Innocence and Experience: An Exploration (London: Bloomsbury, 2003).

  Franz, Marie Louise von, Problems of the Feminine in Fairytales (Dallas, Tex.: Spring Publications, Inc., 1972).

  Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination, 2nd edn. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984 [1979]).

  Haase, Donald (ed.), Fairy Tales and Feminism: New Approaches (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004).

  Sage, Lorna, ed., Flesh and the Mirror: Essays on the Art of Angela Carter (London: Virago, 1994).

  Zipes, Jack, Don’t Bet on the Prince: Contemporary Feminist Fairy Tales in North America and England (New York: Gower, 1986).

  CHAPTER 8. DOUBLE VISION: THE DREAM OF REASON

  Bacchilega, Cristina, Postmodern Fairy Tales: Gender and Narrative Strategies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997).

  Borges, Jorge Luis, Collected Fictions, trans. Andrew Hurley (London: Penguin, 1999).

  Borges, Jorge Luis, The Total Library: Non-Fiction (1922–1986), ed. Eliot Weinberger, trans. Esther Allen et al. (London: Penguin, 2007).

  Bridgwater, Patrick, Kafka, Gothic and Fairy Tale (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003).

  Calvino, Italo, The Complete Cosmicomix, trans. Martin McLaughlin, Tim Parks, and William Weaver (London: Penguin Books, 2010).

  Calvino, Italo, If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller, trans. William Weaver (London and New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981).

  Calvino, Italo, Invisible Cities, trans. William Weaver (London: Secker & Warburg, 1974).

  Calvino, Italo, Six Memos for the Next Millennium, trans. Patrick Creagh (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992).

  Carter, Angela, Burning Your Boats: Stories (London: Chatto & Windus, 1995).

  Carter, Angela, Nights at the Circus (London: Chatto & Windus, The Hogarth Press, 1984).

  Carter Angela, Wise Children (London: Chatto & Windus, 1991).

  Kafka, Franz, The Complete Short Stories, ed. Nahum N. Glatzer, trans. Martin Secker (London: Vintage, 1999).

  McAra, Catriona, and Calvin, David, eds., Anti-Tales: The Uses of Disenchantment (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2011).

  Schwitters, Kurt, Lucky Hans and Other Merz Fairy Tales, trans. Jack Zipes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).

  Ugrešić, Dubravka, Baba Yaga Laid an Egg, trans. Ellen Elias-Bursác, Celia Hawkesworth, and Mark Thompson (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2009).

  CHAPTER 9. ON STAGE & SCREEN: STATES OF ILLUSION

  Balina, Marina, Goscilo, Helena, and Lipovetsky, Mark, eds., Politicizing Magic: An Anthology of Russian and Soviet Fairy Tales (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2005).

  Buch, David J., Magic Flutes and Enchanted Forests (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008).

  Giroux, Henry A., The Mouse that Roared: Disney and the End of Innocence (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).

  Nelson, Victoria, Gothicka: Vampire Heroes, Human Gods, and the New Supernatural (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2012).

  Zipes, Jack, Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales, Children, and the Culture Industry (New York and London: Routledge, 1997).

  EPILOGUE

  Campo, Cristina, Gli Imperdonabili (Milan: Adelphi, 1987).

  Fox, Paula, A Servant’s Tale (San Francisco: Virago, 1984).

  Tatar, Maria, Enchanted Hunters: The Power of Stories in Childhood (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2009).

  PUBLISHER’S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  We are grateful for permission to include the following copyright material in this book.

  Quotation from Helen Adam, ‘Down There in the Dark’, copyright © the Literary Estate of Helen Adam as administered by the Poetry Collection of the University Libraries, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, and reproduced with permission.

  Excerpt from ‘Cinderella’ from TRANSFORMATIONS by Anne Sexton. Copyright © 1971 by Anne Sexton. Copyright © renewed by 1999 by Linda G. Sexton. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

  Excerpt from ‘Briar Rose (Sleeping Beauty)’ from TRANSFORMATIONS by Anne Sexton. Copyright © renewed by 1999 by Linda G. Sexton. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

  INDEX

  Note: Bold entries refer to illustrations.

  abduction 7, 8, 13, 76

  Adam, Helen 5, 132

  Addison, Joseph xvii

  iAdorno, Theodor 142

  Afanasyev, Alexander xiv, 67

  Africa 70

  allegory 24, 149, 155

  Alleyne, Leonora 68

  Allingham, William 1

  Amos, Tori 173–4

  Andersen, Hans Christian xiv, 8, 108–9, 117 ‘The Emperor’s New Clothes’ 104, 117

  ‘The Little Mermaid’ 24, 109, 165

  ‘The Wild Swans’ 38

  animals 21, 25–6, 27–9, 32, 106, 152

  animation 167–8

  animism 20, 21, 29–30

  anthropology 27, 38

  anti-tales 136

  Apuleius, ‘The Tale of Cupid and Psyche’ 53, 88, 148–9

  Arabian Nights xiii, 2–4, 21, 26, 32–3, 34–6, 39, 48 , 65, 89, 101, 103 criticism of 102

  first appearance in print 47–9

  historical reality 89

  influence of 49

  Armstrong, Isobel 13

  Arnim, Achim von 54

  Arnim, Bettina von 54

  art, contemporary 110–12

  Atwood, Margaret xiv, 63

  Auden, W. H. 4

  Baba Yaga xiv, 2, 3

  ballads 8–9, 54, 64

  Ballaster, Ros 51

  ballet 158, 159–60, 161–3

  Barrie, J. M. 15–16, 103

  Basile, Giambattista 50–1, 53, 101 ‘The Cinderella Cat’ 52

  Il Pentamerone 50, 51–3, 101, 161

  ‘Pinto Smalto’ 78

  ‘The Snake King’
36

  ‘Sole, Luna, e Talia’ (Sun, Moon, and Thalia) 133

  Bataille, Georges 85–6

  Baum, Frank L. 95

  Beast Bridegroom tales 28, 39–40,92

  beasts 17, 21, 27, 28, 36, 40, 90

  Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie Leprince de 39–40

  belief 1, 2, 8, 15–16

  Benjamin, Walter 33, 71, 94, 138, 153

  Berger, Pablo 174–5 , 176

  Bettelheim, Bruno 113, 116, 121–5

  Bewick, Thomas 98

  Blake, William 9

  Bloch, Ernst 146

  Bloom, Harold xxii, 6–7

  Bluebeard (la Barbe bleue) 49, 62, 81, 82 , 83–7, 91, 92–4

  Bly, Robert 128–9

  Borges, Jorge Luis xxi, 17, 50, 153

  Bottigheimer, Ruth 133–5

  Bourne, Matthew 174

  ‘The Boy Who Wanted to Learn How to Shudder’ 126–7

  Breillat, Geneviève 62, 93–4

  Brentano, Clemens 54, 55

  Briggs, Katharine 17

  Brontë, Charlotte 97–8

  brothers 26–7, 37, 90, 118

  Buch, David 163

  Byatt, A. S. xix–xxi, 28, 116, 148

  Calvino, Italo xxii, 52, 67, 73–4, 154–5

  Campo, Cristina 178

  Canepa, Nancy 53

  cannibalism 25, 30, 79, 84, 85

  Čapek, Karel 44, 153

  Carroll, Lewis 4, 5, 98–9, 100 , 103–4

  Carter, Angela xiv, xviii, xxi, xxiii, 8, 26, 29, 46, 70, 77, 92–3, 125, 154, 155–6, 176 The Bloody Chamber 71, 139–42, 147–8

  Nights at the Circus 156

  The Sadeian Woman 141

  Wise Children 156, 164

  Celtic faerie 14

  censorship 60, 135, 153, 172–3

  Central Asia xiv, 67

  changelings 8

  child abandonment 25, 79, 135

  child abuse 79–80

  child murder 85–7

  children 16, 119–20, 123, 166–7 as readers of fairy tales 13–14, 101, 102–3

  children’s literature 105–10

  China 70, 78

  Cinderella 21–3, 31–2, 51, 52, 58, 67–8, 78, 107, 122

  cinema xiv–xv, xvii, 34, 142, 159, 165–8, 169–70, 171–3, 174–7

  Circe 34

  Clairmont, Mary Jane 103

  Cocteau, Jean xiv–xv, 40

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 8–9, 11, 23, 42, 45

  Colette 169

  collective unconscious 61, 125

  consolation 94

  Corbet, Richard 12

  Crane, Walter 28, 104, 134

  crones 46, 51, 63, 125

  cruelty 79–80

  Cruikshank, George 99, 105–7

  cultural identity 56–7, 62

  cultural nationalism 63, 65–6, 72

  curses 30, 31, 41

  Darieussecq, Marie 157

  Darnton, Robert 80

  daughters 61, 79, 133

  D’Aulnoy, Marie-Catherine 26, 29, 35 , 46–7, 49, 53

  Diab, Hanna 61

  Dickens, Charles xix, 107–8, 157

  Disney, Walt 104, 168, 169

  ‘Donkeyskin’ 38, 89

  doppelgängers 8

  Doré, Gustave 104, 115

  Douce, Francis 7

  Dove, Jonathan 71

  dowries 78

  dreams 89, 114, 117

  Dulac, Edmund 104

  Dupont, Florence 64, 65

  Dvořák, Antonín: Rusalka xvii, 160

  East Germany 171–2

  Eastern Europe 170–2

  education 98, 109, 125–6

  Egypt 28

  emancipatory ideals 55, 94, 138, 156

  enchantment 5, 19–20, 30, 32, 38

  England 7, 8–11, 23, 67–8

  Enlightenment 7, 156, 161, 163

  eroticism 11, 40, 93, 139

  Estés, Clarissa Pinkola 130

  ethnography 7, 8, 69

  fables, animal 28, 81

  fabulism 73, 102, 152–3

  faery/faerie xviii, 2, 4, 13, 14, 54, 179

  fairies 1, 15

  fairy godmother 31

  fairy queen 10–11, 12

  fairy tales 178–80 classification systems xx–xxi

  condemnation of 101–2, 132–3

  defining characteristics xvi–xxiii

  folk tales xvi, xvii

  as literature xvii

  fairylands 2–5, 7–8, 15, 16–17

  fairytale (adjective) xviii–xix

  family 76, 78–9, 88

  fantasy, kinds of 149–50

  fathers 27, 38, 78, 79, 120, 124, 135, 137–8

  female evil 24–5, 133, 174–5

  female fairy stories 126

  female sexuality 92, 122

  feminism 47, 125, 131, 132–45, 174, 176

  fiaba 73, 74

  Figes, Eva 143–4

  folklore xvi, 49, 67, 72

  Force, Charlotte-Rose de La 47

  Ford, H. J. 70, 104

  Fouqué, Friedrich de La Motte 24

  Fox, Paula 178

  France 7, 46–7, 56

  Frank, Arthur 129

  Franz, Marie-Luise von 126

  Freud, Sigmund xiv, 116, 117–21, 130, 173

  Fritzl, Joseph 79–80

  Gaiman, Neil 104, 148

  Galland, Antoine 47, 49, 61

  Germany xvi, xviii, xxi, 23, 55, 56–7, 62

  giants 6, 18, 25, 106

  Gilbert, Sandra 136

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 23, 24, 139

  Gonzenbach, Laura 66

  Gozzi, Carlo 160–1, 162

  Gramsci, Antonio 95

  Greece 28

  Gregory, Lady xiv, 14

  Grimm Brothers xviii, 23, 54–63, 65, 71, 73, 135–6 ‘Aschenputtel’ (Ashypet) 21–3, 56, 58

  ‘Bluebeard’ 83–5

  ‘Fitcher’s Bird’ 85

  ‘The Frog King’ 60–1

  ‘Hansel and Gretel’ 72, 135

  ‘The Juniper Tree’ 23, 26–7, 31, 39

  Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children and Household Tales) xiii, 53, 55–6

  ‘Little Brother and Little Sister’ 37, 22

  ‘Playing Butchers’ 90–1

  ‘Rapunzel’ 31, 135

  ‘The Robber Bridegroom’ 83–5

  ‘Rumpelstiltskin’ 8

  ‘The Singing Bone’ 167

  ‘The Three Golden Hairs’ 75

  ‘The Twelve Brothers’ 118–19

  Grimm, Jacob 57, 63

  Grimm, Wilhelm 60, 63, 135–6

  Gubar, Susan 136

  Guest, Charlotte xiv, 68

  Hamilton, Anthony 49, 102

  ‘Hansel and Gretel’ 26, 50, 135, 164

  happy endings xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 33, 95, 177

  Heaney, Seamus 95

  Henson, Jim xvii

  historical reality 77, 84–9, 91

  Hockney, David 110, 111–12

  Hoffmann, E. T. A. 120

  Hofmannstahl, Hugo von 24

  Holub, Miroslav xxi–xxii

  hope xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 95–6, 177

  horror 79–80

  Humperdinck, Engelbert 164

  Huysmans, J. K. 85

  illusion 149, 165–6

  illustrated books 98–101, 104, 105–6, 110–12

  incest 38, 46, 80

  India 28, 67, 70

  infanticide 80

  Ireland xiv, 14

  Italy 56, 73

  Jacobs, Joseph 67–8

  James, E. L. 94

  James, Henry 150

  Japan 70

  jinn 27, 32–3

  Joan of Arc 85, 86

  Jolie, Angelina 174

  Jolles, André xxiii

  Jung, Carl xiv, 125

  Kafka, Franz 152–3, 156

  Keats, John 4, 11

  Khlebnikov, Velimir 158

  Kingsley, Charles xix, 94

  Kipling, Rudyard 16

  Kirk, Robert 7, 8, 12

  Kleist, Heinr
ich von 90

  Kvapil, Jaroslav 160

  Lamb, Charles 54

  Lang, Andrew 7, 68–71, 104

  Lawrence, D. H. 77

  Leigh, Julia 176

  Lévi-Strauss, Claude 27, 61

  Lewis, C. S. 4, 33, 45, 77, 94, 95, 102, 159

  L’Héritier, Marie-Jeanne 7, 47

  Liddell, Alice 99

  Locke, John 98, 101

  Lubert, Marguerite de 47

  Lucius of Samosata 149

  Ludmila, St 87

  Mabinogion xiv, 68

  MacDonald, George 104, 113, 157, 173

  MacTaggart, James 38

  magic xxii, 4, 20–1 animism 29–30

  manifestations of 31–3

  metamorphosis 33–40

  natural magic 21–4

  verbal 40–3

  magical realism 150–1

  male sexuality 91, 92

  Marais, Jean 40

  Marcuse, Herbert 142

  Marillier, Clément-Pierre 82

  masculinity 126–30

  Mavor, Carol 129

  Meliès, Georges 165

  Merrill, James 63

  Messia, Agatuzza 66

  meta-fiction 148, 149

  metamorphosis 26–7, 28–9, 31, 33–40, 75

  Middle East 67

  Middleton, Alan 71

  Minghella, Anthony xvii

  Miquel, André 89

  Miyazaki, Hayao 157

  morality 114

  Mother Goose tales 45–6

  mothers 27, 32, 65–6, 68, 77, 93, 123, 133

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 163–4

  Murat, Henriette-Julie de 5, 47

  murder 21, 51, 85, 136, 167

  mutilation 38–9

  myths 34–6, 76, 179

  narrative xvi, 17–18, 30, 36, 40, 70, 106; see also storytelling

  natural magic 21–4

  Nazi Germany 127–8

  Nesbit, E. xix, 104

  Newbery, John 103

  nonsense 41, 49, 72, 102, 105

  Novalis 19, 24, 95

  nursery rhymes 41, 105

  The Ocean of Story xv

  ogres xiii, 25

  opera 160, 161–4, 169

  oral tradition xvi, 43, 64–5, 71

  Paracelsus 18, 23

  Pelka, Daniel 79

  Percy, Thomas 8

  performance 64, 65, 72, 160; see also theatre

  Perrault, Charles 7, 102 ‘Bluebeard’ 83, 85

  ‘Cinderella’ (Cendrillon) 21, 31, 74–5

  Contes du temps passé (Tales of Olden Times) xiii, 45–6

  ‘Donkeyskin’ (Peau-d’âne) 38, 46

  ‘Puss-in-Boots’ xviii, 4, 51, 59, 155